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n
Arches
centering - the wooden scaffolding that was set up so a true arch
could be made.
flat arch
- An arch having a
horizontal intrados with voussoirs radiating from a center below, often built
with a slight camber to allow for setting. Also know as a “jack arch”.
French arch
- A flat arch having voussoirs inclined to the same angle on each side of the
center keystone.
French
arch – a flat
arch having voussoirs inclined to the same angle on each side of the center
intrados - the inside curve or surface of an
arch or vault.
keystone - the central, topmost stone of an
arch. It locks in the voussoirs before the centering scaffolding can be
removed. (p. 22 in the window arches, p. 28 - left window arch, p.38-first
floor arches, p. 42 - ornamented keystones in all arches).
lancet
arch - A Gothic or
pointed arch. (p. 18 - all windows and doorway).
ogee arch
- S-shaped double
curve in Gothic architecture.
round
arch - (False arch)
equal to half a circle. A semicircular arch without voissoirs. Keystones are sometimes
used for decoration but has nothing to do with the structure of the arch.
(p.20-both porch doors, p.40-doors and windows, p.48-dormer windows).
Roman
arch (True Arch) -
An arch made of voissoirs and a keystone
(p 22 see keystone).
segmental
arch - a section of
arch that equals the arc of a circle less than a half circle (p.22-all window
arches, p.24-all upper floor window arches, p.28-first floor porch arches).
soffit - underpart of an arch, architrave,
or overhanging cornice.
spandrel - space between an arched opening
and the rectangle formed by the outer moldings above and to one side - often
filled with painted decoration (p.40-spaces between door and window arches. (
p.38-space between the arches on first floor).
fan spandrels - see below
Tudor
arch - a triangular
arch with soft curves at the bottom two corners.
voussoir - (voo-swar’) wedge-shaped
stone of which an arch or vault is built. (p. 28 - stones around the right
window arch, p. 38 - voussoir-like rustication around first floor arches, p. 42
- middle level and top level arches have voussoirs).
n
Bargeboard/
vergeboard
bargeboard/vergeboard - the extended boards from a gable
end-often decorated in Victorian and Gothic architecture.
(p. 30, p.
34).
bullseye - a small round decorative piece
with a smaller circle inside of it resembling an eye.
chevron - a zigzag molding (like an upside
down V) in Norman architecture, Romanesque.
crocket - decorative feature in Gothic arch,
carved in a variety of leaf shapes and projecting at regular intervals along a
spiral or vergeboard. (p.30).
foil -”leaf” in Gothic
architecture.
gingerbread - a word to describe any kind of
decoration on a home found in such places as the gables, vergeboards, porches,
eaves, and around windows or doors. The decoration is generally created with a
sawn scroll work technique. However, when the word “gingerbread” is
used, it can also refer to homes that are distastefully and gaudily ornamented
without much regard to the specific ornament used. It is a word I would use sparingly because of its negative
connotations. (See sawn scroll work).
mouchette
- a teardrop-shaped
Gothic tracery design.
pendant - a decorative piece (made of
masonry or turned wood) suspended from a roof or vergeboard: used especially in
Gothic architecture (p. 30 -roofing gable tops, p. 32 - atop the two towers).
quatrefoil - four-leafed Gothic design found in
tracery.
sawn
scroll work- when
the scroll saw was invented many decorative features for homes were made for
vergeboards, brackets, tympanums.
The term “gingerbread” often refers to this type of external
architectural decoration. (p. 34, p. 28 - above dormer windows, second story
porch, above sunburst ornamented window and above arched window).
tracery - elaborate ornamental pattern-work
in stone subdividing the upper part of a Gothic window.
trefoil - three-leafed as in Gothic tracery
design.
vergeboard - see bargeboard.
n
Construction
acropolis - the high, fortified part of an
ancient Greek city.
apse - the semicircular end of a
basilica, often has a statue within it.
balloon
frame - introduced
in the 1830s, a system of framing a building in which wood studs extend in
one piece from the top of the
foundation sill-plate to the top roof plate; floor joists are nailed to the
studs and are supported by horizontal boards. Fell out of style when it was
noted that fires which broke out inside these buildings spread easily upwards
through the walls. (p. 24).
barrel
vault - or tunnel
vault; a series of pressed-together arches, they were heavy and had enormous
thrust or pressure downward and outward, usually had heavy walls because of
this.
basilica - long halls serving a variety of
civic purposed - beginning in Hellenistic Greece. They became standard in every
Roman town for courts of law.
battered
chimney - a brick or
masonry chimney with sides that are graduated so that its rectangular shape is
wider at the bottom than the top.
bungalow - A bungalow is modest in size and
scale; is one or one-and-one-half stories high;-is low to the ground in
appearance; has a rectangular or square shape; has deep roof overhangs and wide
eaves; has a porch across the facade, in front, and/or on two or three sides;
has an exterior typically composed of different materials; has natural wood
related to the region or area; has colors and tones related to nature and the
immediate environment; is affordable; is integrated with natural materials,
colors and forms; is an example of art combined with form and function. (p. 46
& 47).
buttress - a heave added vertical part of a
Gothic or Romanesque cathedral that contains the outward pressure of the
vaults. Eventually these were
separated from the building itself yet still anchored to the vaults and were
called flying buttresses.
cantilever - a beam or other structure
projecting from a wall and supporting an extension to a building, as on a
cantilevered balcony or upper store. (p. 50, second story is cantilevered).
cast iron
- a hard, brittle,
nonmalleable iron-based alloy containing 2.0% to 4.5% carbon and 0.5% to 3%
silicon, cast in a sand mold and machined to make many building products.
cella - the main room of a temple - the narrow hall that ran the
entire length of the temple.
choir - Believed to be the most important
part of the church in early Gothic cathedral architecture. It is the part
between the nave and the main altar reserved for the choir and clergy.
coffer - an ornamental sunken panel,
especially in a ceiling. Used to save weight on domed ceilings in ancient
architecture.
coquina - A material used with early Spanish Colonial styled buildings. It is made of limestone made of shell
aggregate the Spanish discovered in 1583.
clerestory - the row of large windows in a
church, basilica, or cathedral.
column - A vertical, usually circular
pillar, generally used as a support for a beam or other structure, such as an
entablature. (p. 16, p. 32, p. 34, p. 44, p. 48, p. 52, p. 58, p. 59).
dome-on-drum
construction - The
Romans used this method to construct their domes. The dome section was placed
on top of a round drum (like a low cut cylinder) section which often was placed
over a square or rectangular section.
engaged
column - like the
reed bundles and wooden supports that came before them that were set into
mud-brick walls to strengthen them.
facade - the front face or elevation of a
building. (All buildings have a facade though some are decorated more than the
rest of the building).
furring walls - "Furring Out, " means setting off a new wall in front of one already built. This provides for dead air space the extra protection of the surface of the ":furred out" wall. The water proofing of the the builidng wall and the air space left between is a good guarantee against destruction due to moisture. Furred out panels can be emplyed by the fresco painter to great advantage giving her a practical and perfectly safe wall to work on if certain precautions are taken to ensure a stable and strong surface.
groin
vault - or square vault, made by intersecting
two barrel vaults at right angles. The spaces created by this vault were called
bay areas. (See barrel vault)
Greek
order columns -
Doric (plain capital, fluted, with no base), Ionic (a capital with opposing
spiraling volutes) and Corinthian (ornate capital with stylized acanthus
leaves). (p. 58).
incised - cut into, carved, engraved - used in Greek black figure art.
limestone - An ancient building material often
covered with a coat of stucco to provide a smooth surface and painted.
lintel - a horizontal beam over an opening
in a wall that carries the weight of the structure above. (p. 52).
nave - upper walk of the center track of
a church or basilica.
newel cap
and post - the end
post of a balustrade, the cap is on the top of the newel; an ornamented post at
the top, bottom, or landing of a stairway that supports the handrail. (p. 16,
p. 20, p. 22, p. 24, p. 28, p 32 p. 34, ).
order - Greek temple architecture was
divided into three orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian), then the Romans added
three more (Composite, Roman Doric, Tuscan). Each order had its own set of proportions and ornamental
requirements (most apparent in its column and entablature) that the architects had to adhere to.
(p. 44 & 59 -Ionic, p. 52 - Corinthian, p. 58 - Doric).
palazzo - an Italian palace, or any large
extravagant building of a similar style.
pier - solid masonry supports with no
base or capital; Romanesque and Gothic pillars; the solid support between
openings in buildings. ( p. 36, p. 40).
prairie
house – a
house style associated predominantly with the early work of Frank Lloyd Wright,
the design was influenced by the open prairie of mid-western American. The
houses featured open plans with a low, horizontal emphasis.
Roman
order columns -
Composite (capital is half Corinthian and half Ionic), Roman Doric (similar to
Greek Doric), and Tuscan (non-fluted, not decorated).
saltbox - A type of wood-frame building,
one-and-a-half or two stories in the front and one story in the rear. The
double-pitched roof is short in the front and long in the rear, extending close
to the ground.
square-boxed
column - a
supporting column that is square.
The capital and base are also square and unornamented. Can be found in
Federal styled buildings. (See Ermatinger House in Oregon City).
tabby
wall – raised
by setting two boards on edge. Into this frame was then poured limeshell mortar
mixed with sand and oyster shells. When that section had set, the boards were
raised a level and the process repeated.
Used as a kind of cement to coat Spanish Colonial architecture. Early
Spanish Colonial homes in St. Augustine, Florida, were built of coquina and
then coated with tabby.
thermae - Roman baths
wrought
iron - a tough,
malleable, relatively soft iron that is readily forged and welded, having a
fibrous structure containing approximately 0.2% carbon and a small amount of
uniformly distributed slag.
villa - A house in the country, often
large and luxurious. (p. 20 - modeled after Italian villa style)
ziggurats: platforms with the temple of the
local god on them - shops, houses clustered around them. Found in Mesopotamia,
built by the Sumerians.
n
Dormers
eyebrow - roof windows that look like
eyebrows. (p. 44).
facade
dormer - used in
Gothic domestic architecture. It
is a dormer that is featured in the center roofline of the facade. Usually has a lancet window and
vergeboard scroll sawn decor.
gabled or
hipped - roof windows
that are gabled or hipped.(p. 28-left side of roof, p. 36, p. 48, p. 50).
shed - a dormer with a flat roof that
slopes down from the roof attachment to the front. (p. 46, p. 54).
n
Molding
cable
molding - molding
that looks like rope.
drip
molding - (eared) a
projecting molding over doors, window, and archways to direct rain away from
the opening. The “eared”extensions at the head casing trim
approximate stone details found in Greek and Roman Classical architecture. (p.
22 - above most of the windows)
hood
molding - a
decorative molding over a window or door frame (p. 22, p. 24).
swans
neck - a pediment
with an open apex; each side terminates in curves resembling a swan’s
neck.
n
Ornament
acanthus - a plant found on the shores of the
Mediterranean and particularly admired by the Greeks and Romans for the
elegance of its leaves. Found on
many classical designs such as the Corinthian and Composite columns.
acroterion - A classical ornament or crowning
adorning a pediment usually at gable corners and crown, generally of monsters,
sphinxes, griffins or gorgons, sometimes massive floral complexes.
amorino - ornament from the Renaissance;
little Italian chubby naked cupids.
anthemion - Greek ornament of alternating
palmettes and lotus motifs or two types of palmettes (one open, one closed) usually found
on a cornice or neck of Ionic capital; used a lot in the 1700s.
arabesque - geometric intricate surface
decoration; no human figures; has interlaced patterns.
architrave - the lowest part of an entablature,
or the molded frame around a door or window opening. (p. 59).
Art Deco - popular in the 1920s-30s,
decorative arts after the war, geometric, stylized, derived from Art Nouveau,
bright colors, sunbursts, Egyptian motifs.
Art
Nouveau -popular in
England in the 1880s. It was the name of a shop that opened in Paris in 1895 to
sell objects of the modern style, a decorative arts design: flowing expressive
lines, whiplash curves, flower and leaf motifs, female figures with long
undulating hair, came from the Arts and Crafts movement in Britain. It was influenced by Japanese art,
Rococo and Celtic art.
Arts and
Crafts - a movement
protesting industrialization, infusing the crafts back into the world we see
and live in. (p. 54 -55).
ball
flower - three
leaves embracing a ball; 14th century Gloucester English design; also called
“bell flower”.
baluster - It is a small column or a little, round, short pillar that
is part of a balustrade. The word “baluster” comes from the Italian
word blausto or balaustra meaning the flower of the
pomegranate. (p. 16-these
balusters are not bulbous, p. 20, p. 22, p. 24, p. 28, p.30, p. 32. p. 34, p.
48, p. 52).
balustrade
- handrail supported
by balusters; any of the small posts that support the upper rail of a railing,
as in a staircase or porch rail (See baluster for examples).
Baroque - started in Italy and Spain, a post-Renaissance
style, popular in Europe in the 1600s - 1750s. It represented dynamism, movement.
Baroque means “irregular, contorted, grotesque”. This was a time
of theatre on a grander scale. Domes were big, facades were highly ornamented
which found its total cartharsis in the Rococo Period which pushed the style
to its most extreme. (p. 42, see Rococo)
battlements
-
slotted or alternating solid and open parapet that originally appeared
on castles and other ancient fortified buildings.
Beaux
Arts - The American
Renaissance period which ran from 1885 to the 1920s that encompassed Italian
Renaissance and Neoclassical revival styles. Ornament and facades were featured in limestone,
buff-colored or yellow brick, and accented with enormous cartouches and
sculptural ornamental works.
belt-course - a horizontal “belt”
formed by a projecting course (or courses) in a masonry wall for decorative
purposes.
(p. 26, p.
38, p. 40).
bracket - a small projection, usually decorated, that supports or appears to support a projecting eaves or lintel.
cartouche- an oval tablet with an elaborate
scroll-carved frame, used as ornamentation for building moldings, borders,
panels, etc. (p. 38)
caryatid - sculptured female figure used as a
column to support an entablature. (p. 42 - on either side of the tower).
corbel - a block of stone, elaborately
carved, projecting from a wall and sometimes supporting a load like the beams
of a roof, floor or vault, or sometimes used for decorative effect only. Also:
a projecting block supporting a beam or other horizontal element. A vault or
arch can be constructed from a series of corbels each projecting from the one
below it.
cornice - the upper element of an
entablature, molded and projecting, or any continuous molded and projecting cap
to a wall or window or door opening. (p. 16 - along the roof top and around the
gable ends making the gables into pediments, p. 20 roof line porch, and bay
window roof lines, p. 22 - along bay window and building’s roof lines, p.
24 - along all roof lines of first and second floors, p.26. “belt
cornice” under clock, p. 28, p. 32, p.34, p. 38 - “belt
cornices” and along roof lines, p. 40, p. 42, p. 44, p. 48, p. 52, p. 58
& 59).
dentils - Greek classical feature of a row
of small rectangular shapes placed closely together beneath the cornice.
Teeth-like in appearance. (p. 28 - first and second floor dentils under
cornices, p. 32 - under first floor roof cornice, p.34 - under cornice of gable
second from the left, p. 42 - under cornice of tower, p.44, under rood cornice,
p. 59).
egg
n’ dart -
(also leaf and dart, also alpha
and omega - beginning and end) Classical ornamental design that forms a course
of alternating oval shapes and arrows.
(p. 59 - in
between the volutes of the capital).
entablature - a feature that is part of an Order
of classical Greek architecture.
The entablature is above the capital of the column and encompasses the
architrave that simulates the beam across the columns or posts, the frieze, an
area left plain or highly sculpted or decorated, and the cornice, the projected
border for the roof line. (all the buildings with columns have an entablature
though none are ornate except the Hollywood on p. 42, p. 58 & 59).
entasis - slight convex curve applied to
columns in Classical architecture to counter the illusion that would otherwise
occur of the columns being slightly concave.
(p. 16, p.
32, p. 44, p. 52, p. 58 & 59).
exedrae - A portico or open room with seats in ancient
Greece. Renaissance architect, Brunelleschi added this to cathedral
architecture.
festoon - A carved ornament in the form of a
garland of fruit and flowers, tied with ribbons and suspended at both ends in a
loop; commonly used on a frieze or panel also called a swag. (p. 42 on the
right and left sides just above the marquee).
fleur-de-lis - French lily flower; heraldic flower
with three petals forming a stylized lily.
fluted - curved indentations that run up
and down along a column’s shaft.
(p. 44, p.
52, p. 58 & 59).
fresco - A technique of painting in which
paint, generally watercolors, is applied on fresh wet stucco or plaster, with
the colors being absorbed into the surface.
fret
work/key/meander -
Greek repeated rectangular pattern design only using straight lines
throughout.
frieze - the middle division of an
entablature, below the cornice (all buildings with an entablature and columns
have a frieze though most are not ornate as they were in ancient times, see p.
58 & 59).
Gothic
Revival - This style
is the opening act for the Victorian Age.
It is a reflection of the Picturesque movement (an aesthetic point of
view celebrating the variety, texture, and irregularity inherent in nature)
that began in Europe. Gothic Revival buildings often had vaulted ceilings,
battlements, lancet-arched windows and doorways, and tracery (shapes found on vergeboards
and windows that look like cutouts in stone.) Gothic Revival elements are based
on architectural ideas from the Middle Ages. Gothic Revival was popular in the
1830s and 40s. English architecture, Augustus Pugin, was the innovative
architect of the Gothic Revival style of architecture. Gothic Revival buildings
a featured pointed or lancet doorways and windows, spire, and vertical
features. (p. 18).
Greek Revival - a phase of Neoclassicism that spread the idea of “noble simplicity and calm grandeur."
guilloche -
impasto - a thick rough application of paint
Italian
Renaissance - popular
in 1800s-1920s. This is a revival architecture directly
inspired by the great Renaissance houses of Italy. Many of these design features
were copied from actual Renaissance landmarks of Roman, Florentine, and Venetian
pillazzis and villas, and then translated into American palaces primarily
in our cities.
loggia - passage or gallery colonaded on 1
or 2 sides.
modillion - Greek classical feature of large
rectangular shapes closely placed
beneath the cornice, that are similar to a bracket in use, although
modillions are purely ornamental as they formalize the look of beams protruding
from beneath the roof of a early wood-framed building. (p. 26-under the
circular roof, p.38 - under first roof cornice, p. 40 - under roof cornice).
Neoclassical - This was a time of classical
revival in Europe during 1700s through the 1800s.
oxbow - a large rounded design usually
found inside porch posts made of one piece of wood that is placed on a mold and
steamed into shape. (p. 34).
Palladian
Revival - 1720s.
Palladio influenced a classical revival that encompassed the ideals of, simple,
geometric forms. It was the
opposite of Baroque pomposity. Palladianism launched by Lord Burlington in
England spread to the American colonies and became known as Georgian style
after King Georges.
pergola - covered walk in a garden.
phialai - a Greek shallow bowl with small
raised centers (navels-mesomphalic) beneath which the fingers would fit. The shape was Eastern, where handleless
round-bottomed cups were preferred to Greek shapes. In Greece they were
commonly used in pouring libations.
pieta - during a time when emotional
appeal and realism was important in religious sculpture, the pieta (which means
“pity”) was designed to serve private devotion. It became a
contemplation image.
pilaster - a rectangular column projecting
slightly from a wall. In classical
architecture it conforms with the order used. (p. 44 - on the left and right
sides, and right behind the portico columns of the facade).
plinth - The square that comes below the
base of a column.
Renaissance - a period in history that was the
first to become aware of its own existence and coin a label on itself. People knew they were no longer in the
Middle Ages and had reached a time of rebirth of individualism, humanism, of
intellectual activity, revivals of ancient architectural styles. The goal was not to duplicate but to
equal the great works for antiquity by studying Classical architecture.
Rococo -
Late Baroque era -
buildings were whimsical, playful, full of fantasy, and more lighthearted that
the typical Baroque buildings.
Romanesque - a pre-Gothic (pre-1200s) medieval
architectural style with links with the Mediterranean tradition. Round arches were used, and buildings
were solid and heavy like buildings in ancient Rome, hence the name.
Romanticism - Part of the Enlightenment; the age
of reason and the common good. It
was more an attitude of mind than a style of art and architecture. All revival styles fall into the
Romantic Picturesque ideal.
scroll
brackets - brackets
in the shape of scrolls.
spool-and-spindle
- Eastlake ornament
of turned wood, shaped like wooden spools (rimmed cylinders) and spindles
(rounded tapering sticks). (p. 30 - under both porch roofs, p. 34 - under first
floor frieze and around the window under the gable second from the left).
sunburst - an Eastlake decorative element
shaped like a sun with radiating rays; often only a semi or quarter circle of
the motif is used. (p. 28 - around the largest window of the facade).
swag - a decoration resembling a garland
of fruit, flower, or leaves draped between two points;a festoon. (See festoon).
triglyph - In the frieze of a Doric
entablature, a rectangular block that has three vertical strips formed by two
grooves.
trumeau - a center post supporting the
lintel that spans the width of an arch in a Romanesque portal ensemble.
Tudor Age
- This time period
includes the styles called Tudor (a style developed during the reign of Henry
VIII in the 1500s), Elizabethan, Jacobean, and Jacobethan (styles developed
during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and King James I of England during the
1500s and 1600s). These buildings were derived from English Renaissance
buildings of the 16th and 17th centuries. The Jacobethan style refers to the mixture of Jacobean and
Elizabethan styles. (p. 50).
urn - large ornamental bulbous
containers often containing floral arrangements that became a decorative end
piece on roofs and newel posts in classical Greek architecture. (p. 22 - four
atop the doorway portico, p. 42 - two at the very top of the tower).
Victorian - This style represents a break with
the classical restrictions of proportion and order. The Victorian era was a
time of “free expression” in architecture. On Victorian buildings
you often see a loose interpretive style of Italian Renaissance design that is
sometimes called “free classical”. Buildings were highly detailed
and were built during the reign of Queen Victoria of England, hence the name
“Victorian”. (all the buildings from p.16 through p. 36).
volute - A spiral scroll-like ornament commonly found on Ionic,
Composite or Corinthian columns. (p. 44, p. 52, p. 59).
wave or
running dog - Greek
ornamental design to look like a course of waves.
n
Roofs
cresting - A decorative fence-like ornament
on the ridge of a roof.
(p. 20, p.
24, p. 34).
cupola
– a small
dome, a rounded roof on a circular or polygonal base crowning a roof or
turret. Also, a small, often
squarish tower on a roof.
dome – a convex covering over a
circular, square, or polygonal space. Domes may be hemispherical,
semi-elliptical, pointed or onion-shaped. Also, a large rounded roof or ceiling
on a circular or many-sided base, cupola.
finial - formal ornament at the top of a
newel or gable. ( p. 24 - on either side of the roof cresting, p. 34 - atop all
gable apexes).
gambrel
roof - a
double-sloped roof, characteristic of Dutch Colonial architecture.
hipped roof
- a roof which slopes upward on all four sides . (p. 28 - the middle roof
though you can’t see all the sides, p. 32 - second porch roof, p. 40
- low pitched hipped roof, p. 48 - cupola roof, p. 50 - rambling hipped roof).
jerkin
head roof/clipped gable - a gable roof, truncated or clipped at the apex.
lantern - An upright structure on a roof or
dome for letting in light and air or for decoration
mansard
roof - a roof having
two slopes on each of its four sides; the lower slope is steeper than the
upper. Mansard roofs have dormers
in them so that a usable third floor is created as opposed to an attic. (p.
22).
parapet - a low wall used as protection in any location where there is a drop like at the edge of a roof, balcony or terrac.
rafter – An inclined timber
which forms the side of a roof, to which the roof covering is attached..
n
Siding
board and
batten - a form of
wood siding for exterior walls, consisting of long vertical boards and thin
strips, or battens, which extend over adjacent boards or joints (the spaces
between adjacent surfaces).
brick
work -
“Stretchers” are full-sized bricks, “headers” are
half-sized bricks, and a “course” is a single horizontal line of
bricks. A “bond” is any of a variety of arrangements of bricks
having a regular, recognizable, usually overlapping (or staggered) pattern to
increase the strength and enhance the appearance of the construction.
A
“running bond” or “stretcher bond” is composed of
overlapping courses of stretchers. This is the most common kind of brickwork we
see.
The “common bond” or
“American bond” has a course of headers between every five or six
course of stretchers.
“English
bond” has an alternating course of headers and stretchers in which the
headers are centered on stretchers. The joints between stretchers line up
vertically in all courses.
“Flemish
bond” has alternating headers and stretchers in each course, each header
being centered above and below a stretcher.
There are
many other kinds of bonds in brickwork. To see these and learn more about
masonry and brickwork, I suggest taking a look at architectural manuals and
masonry manuals in the library or at book stores which will illustrate and
explain brick design work.
clapboard - horizontal or vertical siding that
overlaps.
coping - When used to describe
architectural features “coping” refers to the top layer of a brick
or stone wall. It is usually built
with a slope to shed water.
diamond
shingles -
ornamental shingles that when overlapped form diamonds.(p. 32 - on the towers,
p. 33 - shingle work above the star, comet and man on the moon).
diaper
pattern - all-over
surface decoration of a small repeated pattern such as squares or lozenges. (p.
28, under roof of bay window on the right first floor).
dog tooth - a small square decoration that
slopes to a point in the middle of the square.
Eastlake - a style of ornamentation using
numerously variegated Victorian designs including stick work, spindles and
knobs, brackets, sawn scroll work, “free classical” detailing,
Gothic additions, finials, roof cresting, towers and cupolas, oxbow, any number
of scalloped styled siding. (p. 34).
facade - the front elevation of a building.
free
classical -
classical ornamental forms that are not constricted to Classical proportions
but are used freely.
(p. 28, p.
32, p. 34).
gable - The portion above eaves level of
an end wall of a building with a pitched roof. The gable is triangular in
form. Sometimes it refers to the
entire end wall. (p. 30, p. 34, p. 36, p. 46, p.48 - can’t see these but
each side has a gable, p. 50, p. 54 - can’t see them but each side has a
gable).
half-timbering - in late medieval architecture, a
type of construction in which the heavy timber framework is exposed, and the
spaces between the studs filled with wattle-and-daub, plaster or brickwork. The
effect of half-timbering was imitated by the Stick, Queen Anne, Tudor and
Jacobethan styles-architectural styles fashionable in the 19th-20th C. (p. 50).
herringbone - a decorative pattern of stone,
brick or tile that looks like the spine of a herring with the ribs extended
from opposite sides in rows of parallel, slanting lines.
(p. 30 -
siding under first floor bay window).
panel - any flat, rigid support prepared
with a ground for painting on, can be recessed or protruding. (p. 20 - the
rounded shapes under the roof of the house and the cupola, p. 22 - below the
bay windows, p. 24 - under the roof lines and the windows and the porches, p.
26 - between windows of circular second floor, p. 28 - under bay windows, p. 40
- bas-relief panels, p. 42 - on the left and right sides over the marquee).
quoin - cornerstone of a building, rising
the entire height of the wall, and distinguished from the main construction
material by size, texture, or conspicuous joining. In masonry construction, they reinforce the corners,; in
wood construction, they do not bear any load, are made of wood and imitate the
effect of stone or brick.
(p. 22, p.
26 on tower sides).
rustication - masonry characterized by smooth or
roughly textures block faces, and strongly emphasized recessed joint. (p. 38 -
bottom floor siding).
sawtooth
shingles - shingles
in the triangular shapes of teeth in a horizontal row.
scalloped,
fish scale, or circle siding - siding shaped like the round overlapping scales of a fish. The
siding may be rounded or segmentally-shaped. (p. 28 - right side of facade, p.
30 - at main gable, p. 32 - on parts of the tower siding)
shingle - a thin wedge-shaped piece of wood,
slate, etc. laid with others in a series of overlapping rows for roofs and
sides of houses.
(p. 32, p. 36, p. 46).
shiplag
siding/tongue and groove - siding that fits together and doesn’t overlap like
clapboard.
stick
work - the
decorative stick-like pieces of wood placed in diagonal, vertical, and
horizontal patterns of the outside of a wood-frame building; usually found in
gable ends and around windows. (p. 30).
stucco - An exterior wall covering
consisting of a mixture of cement, sand, lime, and water or of cement, sand,
and hair.
terra
cotta - A red-brown
fired, but unglazed clay used for roof tiles and decorative wall covering.
Glazed terra cotta was frequently used for exterior decoration on buildings of
the early 20th century. (p. 38 - siding of lower floor, p. 42 - some ornaments
are made with terra-cotta).
tympanum - the area within a pediment, often
decorated with scroll sawn ornaments, scalloped siding or sculpted figures as
in Greek and Roman buildings. p. 16 - where the gables are, p. 28 - inside all
the triangular pedimented areas, p. 34 - within the upper gables that are also
pediments).
n
Towers
belvedere – A tower or turret built for
the purpose of giving a view.
campanile - bell tower
cupola house
on top - a small domelike structure on top of a roof or tower.
(p. 20, p.
48).
tower - a building or structure, usually
round or square in plan and characteristically taller than its diameter. (p. 26
- the clock tower, p. 32 - two bell towers, p. 36 - one bell tower, p. 42
– Byzantine rococo tower, p. 50).
turret (like oriel window) - a small,
slender tower, usually corbelled from a corner of the building - it
doesn’t touch the ground.
n
Windows
bay
window - a
projecting bay with windows that forms an extension to the interior floor
space. On the outside, the bay should extend to ground level, in contrast to an
oriel window which doesn’t touch the ground. (p. 20, p. 22, p. 24 - two
story bay windows, p. 28 - first floor on left side, p. 30, p. 34).
broken
pediment - a
pediment over a a door, window or on a gable that is incomplete in the center
of the bottom part of the triangle.
dormer - A structure containing a vertical
window(or windows)that projects through a pitched roof and has a roof of its
own. (p. 22, p. 28, p. 32, p. 36, p. 44, p. 46, p. 48, p. 50, p. 54).
eyebrow
dormer - a dormer
that has a bell curve shape on top and a straight horizontal bottom. It looks a
lot like an eyebrow, hence the name. (p. 44).
fanlights-a window, often semicircular, over a
door, with radiating muntins suggesting a fan. (p. 52 - over front door).
lancet
window - a Gothic
pointed window. (p. 18).
louvered - a window shutter or door fitted
with slanting fixed or movable slats to admit air, but exclude rain, snow, or
to provide privacy. (p. 22, p. 48).
mullion - A vertical bar on a window or door
that divides and supports the panes or panels.
muntin - A thin strip of wood or metal that
holds the panes within a window.
oculus - round window (p. 28).
oriel
window - a bay
window that projects from the building above ground level. In medieval
architecture, a bay window is corbeled out from the wall of an upper story.
Paladian
window - a window
divide into three parts: a large, arched central window, flanked by two smaller
rectangular windows. It is sometimes called Venetian window.
pediment - a low triangular gable in
classical architecture, surrounded by a cornice.
(p. 16, p.
28 - notice the pedimented window on the first floor on the far left,
p. 32 -
curved pedimented dormers, p. 34).
sidelights - a framed window on either side of
a door or window.
(p. 16
around front door, p. 32 around front door, .p. 44, p. 52).
transom-horizontal glazed opening above a
door or window. (p. 16 - over front door,
p. 20, p.
22, p. 24, p. 28 - over both upper and lower porch doors, .p. 52).
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